「新時代が来た」から政治情勢以外の題材を載せます。
食糧自給や生き物歳時記、芸術など。
2008/3/23
「養殖漁業と飼料２：循環型漁業」
循環型の農業技術はほぼ確立しているが漁業はまだのようである
その考察
ojisanは東南アジアの水上生活者のような「うんこをぽとりとおとせば魚が
寄ってきて、食べて、つって食べる」
のような循環を、現代技術でできないかと思っている。
江戸期の有機農法が人の糞尿で実現していたことをいま、家畜の糞尿を有機肥料化しているように。
貨幣経済が農業と漁業を破壊している。おそらく医療も。信用創造の倍数１０が機能したのは石油、石炭などいくらも掘り出せる資源にエネルギーを頼ってきたからだ。
そこに金利という重力因子と、返せなくなったら全部金貸しのものになるという極度に貸し主有利、借り主不利の構造で作った規約による不安神経症おかげでイナゴの大発生のように好況と不況を繰り返す。
資本主義はもともと構造からして病気である。
その変則経済を農業や漁業、健康といった倍数経済にのらないものを強引に工場生産物（具体的には、農薬、医薬品、飼料など）で実現しようとして壁にぶち当たって、今度は権力システムを守るために、人の数を減らそうと妄想している。
それを回避する技術基盤の現状を知りたいのである
参考資料１
ホテル厨芥等の養殖漁業用飼料化による地域内循環システムに関する研究
２０％までであれば遜色なしか
何れの死亡率も高いのが気になるが。共食いか病気か？
エドワジエラ症によると。
参考資料２：エドワジエラ症
＜引用開始＞
昨年、日本国内で新たな細菌（エドワジエラ・イクタルリ）によるアユの病気が発生し、岩国市の河川（錦川）においても発生が確認されました。
この細菌（エドワジエラ・イクタルリ）は、一般的には東南アジアや米国などで飼育しているナマズ等に感染することが知られています。
＜引用終わり＞
参考文献２：養殖漁業で、世界的に問題となっている感染症のようだ。詳しいものは英文しかない。
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Description
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a small gram-negative rod in the family Enterobacteriaceae, （腸内細菌族）and it is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). ESC is the most economically important disease of farm-raised channel catfish（ブチナマズ）, which is the largest aquaculture industry in the U.S. both in terms of acreage（エーカーで測った面積） and dollar value.
ESC causes signs typical of bacterial septicemia in its acute form. In this disease form, producers experience economic losses due to rapid mortalities (9). In its chronic form, ESC typically has a slower progression and causes a "hole-in-the-head" lesion that may remain localized or progress to septicemia and death (5, 9). Farmers experience losses from chronic ESC due to decreased production, with fish manifesting signs 3 to 4 weeks after an acute outbreak (7). The only treatments currently available are oxytetracycline and sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, which are both delivered orally in feed. However, one of the earliest clinical signs associated with ESC is anorexia; therefore, oral antibiotics are only effective in limiting the spread of an outbreak.
テトラサイクリン系とバクタ系が有効だが、経口薬なので食欲がこの病気で下がると薬を飲まなくなる。なるほど魚に注射はできないか。
E. ictaluri is specifically adapted to the channel catfish host. Although it has been isolated from other fish species (10), disease has only been described in channel catfish. Its optimal in vitro growth temperature (25-30°C) and disease temperature window (22-28°C) reflect its adaptation to a poikilothermic（変温） host. Different isolates of E. ictaluri are serologically and biochemically homogenous (1, 8, 11). Because E. ictaluri isolates from ESC outbreaks are all the same serotype (1, 8), it is considered a good candidate for the development of a vaccine.
至適温度が25-30度なので温暖化とともに広がっているようだ。
The E. ictaluri genome consists of a single circular chromosome. DNA hybridization studies indicated that E. ictaluri is most closely related to Edwardsiella tarda (causative agent of emphysematous putrefactive disease in channel catfish and opportunistic infections in humans), with a relative binding ratio of 56-60% at 60°C. E. ictaluri had a relative binding ratio of 31% to Escherichia coli at 60°C. The G+C content of E. ictaluri was estimated at 53% by buoyant density centrifugation (3). Two plasmids (5.6 and 4.8 kb) are consistently present in channel catfish isolates (4, 6). Both plasmid sequences have been published (2). Strain 93-146, which was originally isolated from an ESC outbreak in a commercial catfish pond in Louisiana, is being used to determine the E. ictaluri genome sequence. This strain has been the most widely used in pathogenesis research.
References
1. Bertolini, J. M., R. C. Cipriano, S. W. Pyle, and J. J. McLaughlin. 1990. Serological investigation of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri, cause of enteric septicemia of catfish. J Wildl Dis 26: 246-52.
2. Fernandez, D. H., L. Pittman-Cooley, and R. L. Thune. 2001. Sequencing and analysis of the Edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids. Plasmid 45:52-6.
3. Hawke, J. P., A. C. McWhorter, A. G. Steigerwalt, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Edwardsiella ictaluri sp. nov., the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 31:396-400.
4. Lobb, C. J., S. H. Ghaffari, J. R. Hayman, and D. T. Thompson. 1993. Plasmid and serological differences between Edwardsiella ictaluri strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2830-6.
5. Miyazaki, T., and J. A. Plumb. 1985. Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Dis. 8:389-392.
6. Newton, J. C., R. C. Bird, W. T. Blevins, G. R. Wilt, and L. G. Wolfe. 1988. Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from Edwardsiella ictaluri. Am J Vet Res 49:1856-60.
7. Newton, J. C., L. G. Wolfe, J. M. Grizzle, and J. A. Plumb. 1989. Pathology of experimental enteric septicaemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following immersion-exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Fish Dis. 12:335-347.
8. Plumb, J. A., and S. Vinitnantharat. 1989. Biochemical, biophysical, and serological homogeneity of Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1:51-56.
9. Shotts, E. B., V. S. Blazer, and W. D. Waltman. 1986. Pathogenesis of experimental Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:36-42.
10. Thune, R. L. 1993. Bacterial diseases of catfishes, p. 511-520. In M. K. Stoskopf (ed.), Fish Medicine. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
11. Waltman, W. D., E. B. Shotts, and T. C. Hsu. 1986. Biochemical characteristics of Edwardsiella ictaluri. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:101-4.
なまずの症例。腸管出血性、腹水もでると
その考察
ojisanは東南アジアの水上生活者のような「うんこをぽとりとおとせば魚が
寄ってきて、食べて、つって食べる」
のような循環を、現代技術でできないかと思っている。
江戸期の有機農法が人の糞尿で実現していたことをいま、家畜の糞尿を有機肥料化しているように。
貨幣経済が農業と漁業を破壊している。おそらく医療も。信用創造の倍数１０が機能したのは石油、石炭などいくらも掘り出せる資源にエネルギーを頼ってきたからだ。
そこに金利という重力因子と、返せなくなったら全部金貸しのものになるという極度に貸し主有利、借り主不利の構造で作った規約による不安神経症おかげでイナゴの大発生のように好況と不況を繰り返す。
資本主義はもともと構造からして病気である。
その変則経済を農業や漁業、健康といった倍数経済にのらないものを強引に工場生産物（具体的には、農薬、医薬品、飼料など）で実現しようとして壁にぶち当たって、今度は権力システムを守るために、人の数を減らそうと妄想している。
それを回避する技術基盤の現状を知りたいのである
参考資料１
ホテル厨芥等の養殖漁業用飼料化による地域内循環システムに関する研究
２０％までであれば遜色なしか
何れの死亡率も高いのが気になるが。共食いか病気か？
エドワジエラ症によると。
参考資料２：エドワジエラ症
＜引用開始＞
昨年、日本国内で新たな細菌（エドワジエラ・イクタルリ）によるアユの病気が発生し、岩国市の河川（錦川）においても発生が確認されました。
この細菌（エドワジエラ・イクタルリ）は、一般的には東南アジアや米国などで飼育しているナマズ等に感染することが知られています。
＜引用終わり＞
参考文献２：養殖漁業で、世界的に問題となっている感染症のようだ。詳しいものは英文しかない。
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Description
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a small gram-negative rod in the family Enterobacteriaceae, （腸内細菌族）and it is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). ESC is the most economically important disease of farm-raised channel catfish（ブチナマズ）, which is the largest aquaculture industry in the U.S. both in terms of acreage（エーカーで測った面積） and dollar value.
ESC causes signs typical of bacterial septicemia in its acute form. In this disease form, producers experience economic losses due to rapid mortalities (9). In its chronic form, ESC typically has a slower progression and causes a "hole-in-the-head" lesion that may remain localized or progress to septicemia and death (5, 9). Farmers experience losses from chronic ESC due to decreased production, with fish manifesting signs 3 to 4 weeks after an acute outbreak (7). The only treatments currently available are oxytetracycline and sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, which are both delivered orally in feed. However, one of the earliest clinical signs associated with ESC is anorexia; therefore, oral antibiotics are only effective in limiting the spread of an outbreak.
テトラサイクリン系とバクタ系が有効だが、経口薬なので食欲がこの病気で下がると薬を飲まなくなる。なるほど魚に注射はできないか。
E. ictaluri is specifically adapted to the channel catfish host. Although it has been isolated from other fish species (10), disease has only been described in channel catfish. Its optimal in vitro growth temperature (25-30°C) and disease temperature window (22-28°C) reflect its adaptation to a poikilothermic（変温） host. Different isolates of E. ictaluri are serologically and biochemically homogenous (1, 8, 11). Because E. ictaluri isolates from ESC outbreaks are all the same serotype (1, 8), it is considered a good candidate for the development of a vaccine.
至適温度が25-30度なので温暖化とともに広がっているようだ。
The E. ictaluri genome consists of a single circular chromosome. DNA hybridization studies indicated that E. ictaluri is most closely related to Edwardsiella tarda (causative agent of emphysematous putrefactive disease in channel catfish and opportunistic infections in humans), with a relative binding ratio of 56-60% at 60°C. E. ictaluri had a relative binding ratio of 31% to Escherichia coli at 60°C. The G+C content of E. ictaluri was estimated at 53% by buoyant density centrifugation (3). Two plasmids (5.6 and 4.8 kb) are consistently present in channel catfish isolates (4, 6). Both plasmid sequences have been published (2). Strain 93-146, which was originally isolated from an ESC outbreak in a commercial catfish pond in Louisiana, is being used to determine the E. ictaluri genome sequence. This strain has been the most widely used in pathogenesis research.
References
1. Bertolini, J. M., R. C. Cipriano, S. W. Pyle, and J. J. McLaughlin. 1990. Serological investigation of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri, cause of enteric septicemia of catfish. J Wildl Dis 26: 246-52.
2. Fernandez, D. H., L. Pittman-Cooley, and R. L. Thune. 2001. Sequencing and analysis of the Edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids. Plasmid 45:52-6.
3. Hawke, J. P., A. C. McWhorter, A. G. Steigerwalt, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Edwardsiella ictaluri sp. nov., the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 31:396-400.
4. Lobb, C. J., S. H. Ghaffari, J. R. Hayman, and D. T. Thompson. 1993. Plasmid and serological differences between Edwardsiella ictaluri strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2830-6.
5. Miyazaki, T., and J. A. Plumb. 1985. Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Dis. 8:389-392.
6. Newton, J. C., R. C. Bird, W. T. Blevins, G. R. Wilt, and L. G. Wolfe. 1988. Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from Edwardsiella ictaluri. Am J Vet Res 49:1856-60.
7. Newton, J. C., L. G. Wolfe, J. M. Grizzle, and J. A. Plumb. 1989. Pathology of experimental enteric septicaemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following immersion-exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Fish Dis. 12:335-347.
8. Plumb, J. A., and S. Vinitnantharat. 1989. Biochemical, biophysical, and serological homogeneity of Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1:51-56.
9. Shotts, E. B., V. S. Blazer, and W. D. Waltman. 1986. Pathogenesis of experimental Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:36-42.
10. Thune, R. L. 1993. Bacterial diseases of catfishes, p. 511-520. In M. K. Stoskopf (ed.), Fish Medicine. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
11. Waltman, W. D., E. B. Shotts, and T. C. Hsu. 1986. Biochemical characteristics of Edwardsiella ictaluri. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:101-4.
なまずの症例。腸管出血性、腹水もでると
投稿者: ojisan
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